Setting
Related music & arts
Kind of evidence
Research article
Review extent
Targeted source check

What was studied

The researchers compared brain responses across four age groups, considering musical training and aptitude.

What it contributes

Auditory responses and related orbitofrontal activity differed with expertise. The comparison adds evidence about the timing of music processing.

Where the evidence stops

Training was not randomly assigned. These associations do not establish a training effect or show that joining a community band changes cognition.

About this review

Research appraisal checked against the publisher’s abstract and study description.

Source note updated September 10, 2026. Read our approach to evidence.

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